The year 1938 will be the last for Pavel Dybenko one of Russia's most understood and underestimated. I will get into detail of that tragic year soon but first a little background on Dybenko.
It was clear in the year 1917 and into the early months of 1918 that Pavel Dybenko's leadership and platforms, as exhibited in his documents, i.e. The Charter of Tsentrobalt and the Democratization of the Fleet had been influenced and crystallized by the many years of conflicts the sailor's experienced with the Tsar's government, later the Provisional government, toward the sailors'... "Quest for a Collective Commonwealth".
This banner of Freedom, held high during the period of Great October, had been coopted by Lenin's so called band of "professional revolutionaries" using the sailors' quest as an useful propaganda slogan,. What more, in order to place the path of government on the rails of a totalitarian state the aforementioned "professional revolutionaries" had to depose, dismiss, disparage and hopefully execute the man who best represented the fruits supposedly gained by Great October.
Enter Narva, the allegations and subsequent trial. Accompanied by a barrage of newspaper articles numbering in the hundreds. The "professional revolutionaries" were poisoning the public's atmosphere and perception. Declaring Pavel Dybenko uncouth and uncivilized in addition to being a coward, drunkard, and murderer.
No one dared ask how in the course of a few months the "soul of the Baltic Fleet", hero of the Revolution, leader of an armed force that desired a more democratic way had suddenly become persona non grata.
So it happened, in the early months of 1918, Dybenko was removed from his positions of authority, deprived of having an ability to voice opposition.
The dark path Russia had embarked upon was not representative of the goals set forth during the history of the sailor's quest. Lenin and his so called "band of revolutionaries" not only betrayed Dybenko, the sailors, and the Russian citizenry but political confidants as well, as is the case with Alexsandra Kollontai.
Pavel Dybenko had been resigned to the trash heap of history. Lenin becomes the shining leader of the sailor's drive toward the revolution. Redefining the sailors' ideology as one which not only looked up to Lenin but supported without question his concepts and decisions.
Future revolutionists beware!
Alexandra Kollontai once shared with the disgruntled Dybenko that change within the government could now only be initiated from within.
A defeated Dybenko goes to south Ukraine whereupon he is cited for many creative and successful operations during the Civil War, graduates from officers college, is infamously remembered for his participation in the suppression of the 1921 Kronstadt Naval Mutiny, then goes on to a career contributing to the Military Council and the Command of several Military Districts.
(authors note: Dybenko is often dragged through the coals for his participation in the suppression of the Kronstadt Mutiny. I am sure that Dybenko was used as a propaganda tool, look at Dybenko! these aren't the sailor's of 1917, of Great October. I am also pretty positive the Kronstadt sailor's had some real grievances as Lenin and Trotsky's views on governance had indeed turned authoritarian. What would Russia have Dybenko do? With a decades long manifest and an armed force of 70k he himself could not derail the evil destined to rule Russia. There was little doubt the Mutiny would succeed.)
Although Pavel Dybenko led an active Russian life taking part in many historical events from 1917 up until 1938 his demise would be the consequence of the nature the Russian society had become. (engineered by Lenin and Trotsky's dominance in early 1918)
The end of the Hero of Great October
The new year of 1938 ushered Russia into the continued midst of the Great Terror. Choosing life often meant comprising one's integrity. Stalin and his subordinates continued the bloodthirst rage placing its citizens in a continuous state of fear. Informants ran plentiful and creative prosecutions were common. Pavel Dybenko would not be immune to the madness described as the Great Purges and in January of 1938, the insanity placed him firmly in its grasp. Dybenko was formally alleged to being a philanderer, drunkard, German and American spy, leading him to be declared an "enemy of the people".
At a meeting in Moscow on January 25th 1938, an official decision of the Politburo of the CPSU(b) was codified in the decree "on Dybenko" was released.
Three events will be highlighted as the precursors to Dybenko's 1938 indictment and prosecution.
The first event takes place in Tashkent during the late 1920's.
In a conversation with Arthur Powell Davies, an American Engineer and then Commander of the Central Asia Military District Pavel Dybenko, Dybenko shared how much better the Soviet Union was than the US in regard to social safety nets. Dybenko mentioned the plight of his sister living in the US. In 1925, her husband had died in an industrial accident. Dybenko, believing his sister and her two small children had not received any type of benefit/pension enabled him to laud the Russian society maintaining how much better off Russian citizens were.
Davies disagreed, not knowing what safety nets were in place he shared with Dybenko he would look into the matter. (In 1915, the State of Indiana had codified into law the Indiana Workmen’s Compensation Act which was in place in 1925 and provided for death benefits for dependents.)
What was believed to be innocuous chat was used by the government to allege, "later Dybenko learned his sister received benefit" The inference of being an American spy became the first listed charge prepared in Dybenko's indictment.
The Politburo added “notes” to the first allegation of achieving benefit for his sister living in America.
“During maneuvers in 1936 P.E. Dybenko discussed with a U.S. Military Attache about the advantages of the Soviet system.
Dybenko cited his sister’s predicament who was living in the U.S. Her husband had been injured and she nor her children had received any form of pension. U.S. Military Attache didn’t believe it and promised to make inquiry. Later Dybenko learned that his sister had received benefits.
The second event (leading to the second line of Dybenko's indictment alleging him being a German spy) happened In June 1937 as an old enemy of Dybenko, ex-Provisional Government Head, Alexander Kerensky, speaking while at a conference in front of the Russian colony of Paris provided an analysis of many past Russian events.
Published in the Paris gazette, "La Liberte" (1865-1940) pgs.3-6, on June 26th it was reported Kerensky accused Russian General Dybenko of being a German spy. In particular, Kerensky revealed that in the year 1917 -the former Tsentrobalt Chairman Pavel Dybenko, currently General, and commander of the Leningrad Military District was in fact the main German agent in the Baltic fleet in opposition to Kerensky. As head of the Russian government of the time, Kerensky declared he had personally known of Dybenko and his actions.
Kerensky's accusation that Dybenko was the "main" German agent in the year 1917 was not new and followed the then Provisional Governments propaganda of the time. That the sailors of the Baltic Fleet were "infested" with German spy's. The Provisional Governments discomfort with the sailors had nothing to do with German influenced skullduggery. Rather the sailors had organized and created the independent body known as Tsentrobalt.
For example, In May of 1917, reports from meetings of the Helsingfors (Helsinki) Assembly of Sailors' Deputies, together with the ship committees show consideration of Admiral Kolchak's published comments. Sailor Chugunov reported to the Assembly that in such authoritative newspapers as Izvestiia of the Petrograd Soviet of Soldiers and Workers Deputies, there appeared a clearly malicious slanderous statement against the Baltic Fleet by Admiral Kolchak.
Kolchak claimed that, ..."the Baltic Fleet is in the service of the German General Staff and the delegation of the Baltic Fleet has caused complete disorganization in the Black Sea Fleet".
Sailor Chuganov asked the assembly to demand that Admiral Kolchak be held accountable for the insult inflicted upon the Baltic Fleet.
The second line of Dybenko's absurd Indictment read :
Resulting in the Soviet of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the CPSU(b) also considered the question and which is deserved of attention is the article published in the foreign press about Dybenko being a German spy. (Although the article was published in a hostile white guard paper, one cannot disregard it. Suggesting an earlier article about the former provocateur Sheboldaev's work turned out to be accurate.)
The final event, the impending dark cloud giving green light to arrest Dybenko came in late 1937...Stalin gave a speech at a special military meeting on the moral and domestic behavior of some military leaders, participants in a military-political conspiracy, policy towards senior military personnel, participants in the Civil War, etc.
In attendance were Molotov, Voroshilov, Yezhov, Egorev, Budyonny, Fedko, Khrulev, Timoshenko, Dybenko, Tyulenev, Mekhlis, Shchadenko and Kulik.
Stalin started his speech speaking to the rumblings of those in attendance about the moral deficiencies of drinking and womanizing. Naming Dybenko as an example of such behavior.
All the aforementioned provides Yezhov and the NKVD reasons to shape the allegations and create the language for CPSU(b) consideration of Dybenko's indictment on January 25, 1938.
As a result, the following Politburo's resolution emerged.
a) Consider it impossible for Dybenko to and relieve him of continued work in the Red Army
b) Remove Dybenko from the post of Commander of the Leningrad Military District and leave the decision of what to do with him to the Central Committee of the VKP(b)
c) Offer Malenkov to make suggestions about where to place Dybenko outside of the military
d) The present resolution is to be sent to all the members of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b) and commanders of the military districts
The ARREST of Pavel Efimovich Dybenko
The order, Order #335, was issued on February 26, 1938. Directed to the NKVD of the Sverdlovsk region.
Reading:
You are instructed to perform a search and arrest of Dybenko, Pavel Efimovitch. To all organs of Soviet power and citizens of the USSR should provide for- equestrian assistance to the warrant holder, in the performance of their duties.
Dybenko was arrested on February 28th, 1938 an subject to a brief questionnaire.
Last name: Dybenko
First
name and
patronymic: Pavel
Year of birth: 1889
Birthplace: Novozybkov, mountains
Place
of residence: Leningrad
Kronverkskaya 2()/59 kv
103
Specialty: military man
Last place of work: Commander Leningrad Military District Position held: General of the II rank
To which social group does he belong at the time of his arrest: (to the group of workers, employees, collective farmers, sole proprietors, handicraftsmen, people of liberal professions, ministers of worship)
No passport (when and by which police authority it was issued, passport number and where it is registered)
Party
affiliation (past and
present)
Member of the CPSU/b/1912
Nationality Russian
Citizenship (citizenship) the USSR
What kind of repression was he subjected to under Soviet
rule: criminal record, arrest,
and others
(when, how (and
for what)
he was tried in 1918,
acquitted by the court
14.
Family composition (close
relatives, their names,
surnames, addresses and
occupation) Wife Zinaida
Viktorovna dom.
The
mistress is the wife's son
Lev and
my son
Vladimir is 5 years
old.
Sister Maria from Novozybkov living in Moscow and a brother who worked in Saratov while in the military. I have no address or connection with my sister in America.
Signature of the arrested P. Dybenko
Five Days later; Dybenko's destiny is sealed!
How was Dybenko treated during his interrogation? What did the immediate future have in store for Dybenko?
A. V. Snegov tells about torture chambers of the NKVD where prisoners would be put on a concrete floor covered by a box with nails driven in from four sides. On top was a grating through which a doctor looked at the victim once every 24 hours. In 1938, both Snegov, a small man, and P. E. Dybenko, who is big, were put into such a box—one cubic meter in size. (This method was borrowed from the Finnish secret police.) One NKVD colonel, on getting a prisoner for interrogation, would urinate in a glass and force the prisoner to drink the urine. If he refused, he was liable to be killed without being interrogated.
It will become abundantly clear the two counts listed in Dybenko's January Indictment were just a pretext, consumption for the faithful.
NKVD Interrogator Yamnitsky reveals Dybenko's fate and wastes no time. His first question or "statement" to Dybenko went as follows:
"You have been arrested as an enemy of the people who betrayed the motherland and the Red Army. You have been exposed. The investigation possesses extensive documentary evidence confirming your treasonous activities. Before presenting this evidence to you, we propose that you yourself tell the whole truth about your betrayal and reveal your accomplices".
Dybenko's response is telling. Straight forward and honest.
Dybenko's Answer.
"No. I have never been a traitor. There is a row of mistakes that I have made in my life, perhaps even crimes ---that is true. I committed a number of offenses of an official and everyday nature. I made a number of statements against the People's Commissar of Defense that were objectively anti-Soviet in character. However, I have never engaged in anti-Soviet activity".
Interrogator Yamnitsky: "Dybenko, it would be better if you told the truth".
Dybenko: "I would like to repeat that I never fought against the Communist party and Soviet power. I am a true member of the Bolshevik party since 1912 and I always was engaged in the active revolutionary movement in the fleet. The Tsar's government (and later the Provisional government) persecuted me and I had risked my life for Soviet Power".
Yamnitsky: "Don't hurry so much Dybenko. Do you still believe that you will be able to play this part of an old "revolutionary" and hide your betrayal? You won't be able to do it any more. If you are not willing to tell us the truth yourself...we are going to expose you by the testimonies of your accomplices".
A brief break in the interrogation happens, a little coercion (the cloth around his neck suggests hiding injuries) Reveals Purge Confessions Won by Torture, Brutality
...and then Dybenko explains:" Before my arrest I had and missed two opportunities to come to the Central Committee of to you personally and confess all my horrific crimes against the party and the Soviet people. I haven't done as I hoped I would, be able to hide both my crimes and conceal the names of the other people connected to me in the anti-Soviet activities and the right wing organization in the RKKA. I will tell you everything in detail. I have decided not to hide anything and to tell the whole truth. I hope that at least this to some degree can re-pay for all my guilt for my party and homeland.
Later in the interrogation Dybenko alleges Raskolnikov and Kollontai were aware of and part of helping him.
So goes the lunacy of the "Purge".
On April 8th, in a Secret Document addressed to Stalin, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union (NKVD) Yezhov provides the first protocol of Dybenko's interrogation. For the next four months, Dybenko is tortured and much like others is accepting of the fact that he will soon be executed.
Dear Comrade Stalin!
By decision of the Politburo and the Government, I am, as it were, considered an enemy of our homeland and the Party. I am a living, politically isolated corpse. But why, for what?
Did I really know that these Americans, who arrived in Central Asia on an official government assignment, accompanied by official representatives of the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (NKID) and the OGPU, were in fact intelligence agents? On the journey to Samarkand, I was not alone with the Americans for a single second. After all, I do not even know the American language...
Regarding the provocative statement by Kerensky and the note published in the White Guard press claiming that I am allegedly a German agent—could it really be that after 20 years of honest, devoted service to the Motherland and the Party, this White Guardist, Kerensky, could take revenge on me through such provocation? This is simply monstrous.
The two notes in the possession of Comrade Yezhov, written by employees of the “National” Hotel, contain a certain element of truth, namely that I sometimes, when acquaintances came to visit me at the hotel, allowed myself to have a drink with them. But there were no drinking bouts.
It is alleged that I chose rooms next to representatives of the embassy. This is part of the same series of monstrous provocations...
That I supposedly had kulak (anti-collective farm) sentiments regarding collectivization? This nonsense can be refuted by Comrades Gorkin, Yusupov, and Evdokimov, with whom I worked over the past nine years...
I understand that I will not be returned to the army. But I ask—and I have the right to ask—to be given the opportunity to devote the remainder of my life entirely and completely to the cause of building socialism in our country, to remain to the end a loyal soldier of the Lenin–Stalin Party and of our Motherland.
Comrade Stalin, I beg you to further investigate a whole series of facts and to remove from me the shameful stain that I do not deserve.
Through the Special Sector of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), which was headed by A. N. Poskrebyshev—devoted to Stalin “to his last fiber”—the letter of the army commander reached the hands of the General Secretary.
The emotions and feelings of the leader in response to Dybenko’s appeal cannot be inferred from his resolution on the letter, which consisted of a single word: “Voroshilov.”
The Show must go on...
On July 27th, the NKVD resolved to bring "citizen" Dybenko, as an accused under Articles 58-1b, 58-6, 58-11, and 58-13 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR to account.
Finally, the nightmare comes to its conclusion. On July 25th 1938, the disposition of Dybenko is formalized by the Deputy Chief of the 6th Department of the 2nd Directorate of the NKVD of the USSR, having reviewed the investigative materials in the case of #17749, now "citizen" Pavel Dybenko had been sufficiently implicated in that he was "an agent of the Tsarist police", "an agent of German intelligence", "one of the leaders of an anti-Soviet organization of Rightists in the Red Army", and carried out subversive, wrecking, and defeatist anti-Soviet activity.
Announced by ruling of the Chairman of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, Army Military Jurist V. Ulrikh. The sentence of execution by shooting was carried on July, 29th 1938.
Pavel Dybenko's life comes to an end. He will be the fifteenth out of 57 who would be dispatched to death on July 29, 1938.
...as dawn approaches one more shot rings out from the grounds of Kommunarka shooting grounds. Dybenko, a large man slumps forward and falls to the ground. The leathered hand of the NKVD shows no empathy...only to rise as ordered and to squeeze. Disposing of yet another "enemy of the people". It took three men to throw Dybenko's body into the "mass" grave...an open pit that patiently awaits its newest arrival.
Komandarm 2 Rank P.E. Dybenko, the first Commander
in Chief of the Soviet Navy, and later Commander of Military Districts of
Central Asia, Volga, Siberia and Leningrad, who is officially listed as being
shot on July 29, 1938.
How did Kollontai feel about Dybenko's arrest and execution?
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNION OF THE USSR
RULING No. 4н-6820/56
Three letters in support of Pavel Dybenko
#1
To the Chief Prosecutor,
Written Request,
I ask you to reconsider my husband’s Dybenko P.E. case. Please inform me about the results to my temporary address in Moscow, 85 Nizhne-Mihailoskiy Proezd, Bld. 8, Apt.113, Kuvaldinoy for Dybenko.
Zinaida Dybenko
April 18, 1956.
#2
To the Main Military Prosecution Office.
I knew Dybenko P.E. very well during our service in the mounted army where he was in command of a division. I also used to know him when he was the commander of the Middle Asian Military area. I met his when he was the head of a RKKA department and the commander of the Leningrad Military area. Dybenko used to do well all the jobs he was entrusted with. He was devoted to his Motherland and to the party. He could not be a Soviet people’s and Soviet Motherland enemy.
Marshal of the USSR, S. Budennuy. April 26th, 1956.
#3
To the Main Military Prosecution Office.
March 4th, 1956.
On comrade’s Gorbunov request I would like to inform you of the things I know about a former commander of the Leningrad Military area, Dybenko P.E.
For the first time I met Dybenko in Leningrad during the days of the Great October Socialist Revolution when he served at the fleet and was the head of Tsentrobalt.
Dybenko was born 1889, became a party member before revolution and was of the peasant’s origin.
Dybenko was a famous person in the Soviet army. The Soviet army knew him as a military commander, a good revolutionary and a convinced Bolshevik.
Dybenko always fought against the opposition and never hesitated himself in this fight. Dybenko was a very willful commander though a little rough sometimes.
Knowing Dybenko during the Civil War, his work as a commander of several military areas, and head of the RKKA supplies department I can say that Dybenko couldn’t be his Motherland’s traitor. He could never betray the ideals of out party. He himself was fighting for the Soviet power. He was one who was organizing the Soviet power; he fought for it with the arms in his hands against its enemies. Why would he ever want to leave his people and his country?
Dybenko is very well known to Voroshilov, Budennuy, Meretskov, Snegov, Nikolskiy, Todorskiy, Kuznetsov, Zelenskiy, Hrulev.
Hearing:
Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR
chaired by Colonel of Justice Likhachev, with members: Colonel of Justice Abramsky and Major of Justice Vnukov, having considered at a session on May 16, 1956, under Article 378 of the RSFSR Criminal Procedure Code, the conclusion of the Main Military Prosecutor’s Office in the criminal case of the former commander of the troops of the Leningrad Military District, Commander of the 2nd rank
DYBENKO Pavel Efimovich,
sentenced on July 29, 1938, by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR under Articles 58-1b, 58-6, 58-11, 58-13 of the RSFSR Criminal Code to the highest measure of punishment — execution by shooting with confiscation of property.
Having heard the report of Comrade Likhachev and the conclusion of the Deputy Chief Military Prosecutor, Major of Justice Gorbunov, on the annulment of the sentence and termination of the case,
ESTABLISHED:
According to the court’s verdict, Dybenko was found guilty of the following:
- In 1915, he was allegedly recruited by the Tsarist secret police (Okhrana) as an agent and engaged in provocateur activity, betraying revolutionary Bolshevik sailors.
- In 1918, while engaged in underground work in Crimea, after his arrest by White Guards, he allegedly revealed to them the underground Bolshevik committee.
- By 1926, Dybenko was allegedly a participant in an anti-Soviet organization of “Rightists” within the Red Army and a member of its leadership center.
- In 1936, through one of the leaders of the Rightist organization, Egorov A.I., he allegedly established direct contact with Tukhachevsky, with whom he continued anti-Soviet activity.
- Additionally, Dybenko was accused of being an agent of German and American intelligence services, on whose instructions he carried out subversive and defeatist work in the Red Army.
Thus, from the materials of the Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Central Archive of the Red Army, the Central State Archive of the October Revolution and Socialist Construction, as well as from testimonies of individuals who knew Dybenko through joint work, it is evident that Dybenko was an honest communist and devoted his entire life to the cause of the revolution.
He joined the Bolshevik Party in 1912 and, for his participation in revolutionary activities, was twice arrested by the Tsarist government.
In April 1917, Dybenko was elected chairman of Tsentrobalt, and in October 1917 he was included in the first Council of People’s Commissars as People’s Commissar for Naval Affairs.
During the days of the October armed uprising, Dybenko commanded detachments of sailors and workers in the area of Krasnoye Selo and Gatchina, took direct part in suppressing the counterrevolutionary actions of Kerensky and Krasnov, personally arrested General Krasnov, and delivered him to Smolny.
Throughout the Civil War, Dybenko served on the fronts. For his military achievements (merits), he was awarded three Orders of the Red Banner.
In subsequent years, Dybenko held responsible positions in the Soviet Army while also carrying out major party work. He was elected a delegate to the XV, XVI, and XVII Party Congresses.
The excerpts from the testimonies of Primakov and Vareikis attached to the case cannot serve as proof of Dybenko’s guilt, since Primakov gave no testimony regarding Dybenko’s participation in any conspiracy.
In Vareikis’s testimony, it is recorded that he allegedly knew of Dybenko’s involvement in an anti-Soviet organization from Gamarnik. However, Gamarnik has since been fully rehabilitated, and additional investigation into the case against Vareikis established that the case had been falsified during the preliminary investigation, and therefore Vareikis is also subject to rehabilitation.
The Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, having reviewed the case materials and taking into account that the additional investigation uncovered indisputable evidence that Dybenko was convicted without grounds, based on materials falsified during the preliminary investigation—
At the court session, which lasted only a few minutes, including the writing and reading of the verdict, Dybenko was not questioned on the substance of the charges brought against him, and the materials of the preliminary investigation were not examined. The entire judicial process amounted to Dybenko being asked a single question, to which, according to the court record, he replied that he fully admitted his guilt and confirmed the testimony he had given during the preliminary investigation.
In the prosecutor’s conclusion, the issue was raised of overturning the verdict and terminating the case due to the absence of a crime, in connection with the fact that additional investigation conducted by the prosecutor under Articles 373–377 of the RSFSR Criminal Procedure Code established new circumstances indicating that the materials of the preliminary investigation forming the basis of the accusation against Dybenko had been falsified by former NKVD employees—Minitsky (convicted in 1938) and Kazakevich.
Thus, Dybenko’s testimony obtained during the preliminary investigation cannot be accepted as reliable on the following grounds:
The testimony consists of general assertions not supported by any facts or other objective evidence.
In his testimony, Dybenko named a number of senior Red Army commanders as participants in an anti-Soviet organization who, however, were not arrested or held accountable: Marshal of the Soviet Union S.M. Budyonny; Army General A.V. Gorbatov; Petrov I.E.; Apanasenko I.R.; Colonel General Gorodovikov; and Lieutenant Generals Efremov M.G. and Gatun N.A.
Those named by Dybenko as participants in the anti-Soviet organization—Egorov A.I., Levandovsky M.K., Rogovsky N.I., Krinitsky A.I., and Kabakov I.D.—have now been fully rehabilitated by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, and the additional investigation established that the criminal cases against these individuals had been falsified during the preliminary investigation.
Verification established that the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Main Archival Administration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, and the Central State Archive of the Navy do not possess any data on Dybenko’s alleged provocateur activities before the Revolution or after 1917.
The accusation against Dybenko of espionage in favor of German and American intelligence services is unfounded, as it was based on vague and unsubstantiated statements obtained during the preliminary investigation, which was conducted using unlawful methods.
DECIDED:
The sentence of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR of July 29, 1938, with respect to Dybenko Pavel Efimovich, is to be set aside in light of newly discovered circumstances, and the present case, due to the absence of a corpus delicti (no crime), is to be dismissed and further proceedings terminated.
True to the original:
Court Secretary of the Military Collegium
Senior Lieutenant
/Markov/
